Amazon The Leading E Commerce Organization - 1592 Words

HR Relevance With Amazon.com currently reigning as the leading e-commerce organization in the world, it would be hard to fathom this would be the case without major efforts from human resources. According to my review of the literature in the coopetition case study, Amazon believes in serving the customer and creating value for that customer. This value creation and customer service would be difficult to achieve without an important HR function; recruitment and selection, and the staffing of organizations. â€Å"Staffing is a critical organizational function concerned with the acquisition, deployment, and retention of the organization’s workforce† (Heneman, Judge, Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012, p. 6). In simple terms, Amazon would not be the organization it is today without being able to hire the people it needs, use them effectively, and keep them from leaving. Additionally, as noted by Heneman, Judge, Kammeyer-Mueller (2012), â€Å"staffing is arguably the most criti cal function underlying organizational effectiveness, because â€Å"the people make the place,† because labor costs are often the highest organizational cost, and because poor hiring decisions are not easily undone† (p. 6). Second, successful negation is another element Amazon uses with its coopetition-based business model in essentially letting their competitors win. â€Å"A seminal game theoretic rationale by Brandenburger and Nalebuff (1996) is that â€Å"letting your competitors win too is ok, as long as you win yourself.†Show MoreRelatedAmazon Business Strategy 11203 Words   |  5 PagesAmazon Business Strategy BIS/219 Amazon Business Strategy Successful business partnerships are the driving force behind competitive online retailers. Innovated strategies, business techniques, and customer relations management (CRM) will further enhance Amazon’s customer satisfaction and loyalty. Amazon uses e-business, e-commerce, and data management to gain competitive advantages against other online retailers. â€Å"No company exemplifies a new business era ofRead MoreDescription Of The Business . Amazon, The Word Itself Makes1735 Words   |  7 PagesDESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS Amazon, the word itself makes us feel excited for making our lives easy for shopping online without any time constraints. Amazon is the world’s top leading e-commerce company. To talk about the background of amazon it was incorporated in the year 1996 May 28th which offers a range of products and services through its website. The Company has three sections: North America, International and Amazon Web Services (AWS). The Company s North America portion concentrates onRead MoreAmazon Inc, Virtual Organization. Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesAmazon Inc, Virtual Organization Amazon Inc. is an international electronic commerce or e-commerce company that is based in Seattle, Washington in the United States. The American e-commerce firm is the largest Internet-based company in the United States and one of the leading online companies across the globe. While it started as an online bookstore, Amazon Inc. has since diversified to incorporate other products such as video games, consumer electronics, food items, apparel, and jewelry. TheRead MoreThe Global Leader in E-Commerce1605 Words   |  7 PagesBeing a Fortune 500 company, Amazon, started by Jeff Bezos in 1995, is the global leader in e-commerce. Amazon offers a wide variety of products, ranging from hardcover books to jewelry to electronics, as conveniently as possible to its customers (About Amazon, 2009). Although Amazon has begun to revolutionize retailing, the company’s competitive advantage and evolution has been put into question. The competitive advantage and evolution of Amazon can b e analyzed by determining if the company if movingRead MorePestel / Pestle Analysis Of Amazon971 Words   |  4 PagesAn Organization I am familiar with I want to speak about its Pest analysis is Amazon. Amazon.com Inc. successfully shelters the issues shown in the PESTEL/PESTLE examination of its e-commerce business and remote or macro-environment. The PESTEL/PESTLE Analysis model is a tool for classifying the external factors that shape the conditions of a company’s remote or macro-environment. In the case of Amazon, the circumstances of the online retail market are measured. As the largest firm in the marketRead MoreThe Company Amazon.com Inc. An E Commerce Based Industry Essay1289 Words   |  6 Pages Political The company Amazon.Com Inc. an e-commerce based industry can be affected by the country’s political external factors for example: A) political stability of developed countries. It could creates an opportunity to expand . B)Government support for e-commerce. It is an a opportunity as a well a threat, an opportunity because it can continue to expand and diversify it business, a treat because competition will also increase. C) Increasing governmental efforts on cyber-securityRead MoreAmazon Inc. An American International Electronic Commerce Company1299 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican international electronic commerce company that started off as an online book store under the old name of cadabra.com. Under the direction of Jeff Bezos, who incorporated the company in 1994, Amazon quickly expanded their scopes by selling various other items, besides just books, in order to create its now famous brand name. Today, Amazon sells â€Å"everything from A to Z,† hence the brand name, and has taken control of the online shopping market as the world’s leading online retailer in the worldRead MoreA Report On Amazon s Company892 Words   |  4 Pages Based on the research I conducted on this organization, I would have to say that I would advise a friend to invest in this company. According to the recent studies and information provided on Amazon, this company shows to be on a significant increase in profit, sales, and stocks. I. Background of Amazon.com According to an online article published by Reuters.com, â€Å"Amazon.com, Inc. (Amazon.com), incorporated on May 28th, 1996, is an e-commerce company. The company offers a range of products andRead MoreAmazon Strategy Case Study1571 Words   |  7 PagesCASE QUESTIONS 1. How can Amazon leverage its Prime program to increase its total retail market share? Undoubtedly, with 65 million memberships on Amazon Prime, it is apparent that this program has helped the company fuel its success in the past two decades; it has turned it into a dominant force in the U. S e-commerce. The Prime product gives its customers access to stream videos, music, shipping discounts and other specific Amazon deals and services. For those invested in the company ecosystemRead MoreThe Forces Driving An Organization1621 Words   |  7 Pages What are the forces driving an organization to shift to analytics and be known as an analytical competitor? Analytics is when a particular organization uses large amount of data, predictive modeling, fact-based management, statistical analysis, quantitative analysis, and explanatory reasons in order to drive their business decisions and actions successfully (Harris 12). When an organization is trying to be analytically competitive, they are using analytics systematically and extensively to think

Walmarts Organizational Culture Essay - 934 Words

Wal-mart For most companies, identifying what a learning organization should be and actually becoming one is tricky at best, impossible at worst. One way that managers and companies can promote the concept of being a learning organization is to assess whether the company is in need of a short-term fix or whether it is more focused on long-term results. Organizational learning is a long-term activity that will build competitive advantage over time and requires sustained management attention, commitment, and effort. Learning organizations maximize their competitive positions during strong economic times and they prudently train their employees and prepare for change even in turbulent times. As a result, learning organizations and learning†¦show more content†¦Internal integration deals with employees feeling a since of collective identity within the company. Sam went to great lengths to make sure that his associates were happy and that any ideas and concerns associates had cou ld be taken to management and Wal-Mart still follows this philosophy today. These are the values I and Wal-Mart share (Berg, 2001). Not only is a strong corporate culture good for business by increasing customer satisfaction, it also can help to decrease turnover and save on human resources expenditures. Internal integration should start the minute a new employee enters a company. Training of new employees should include some way of helping them to understand the companys culture. The new hire training program currently in use at Wal-Mart stores includes videos and other information about the founding of the company as well as other general and specific information about the companys culture as well as expectations related to this culture. This is important because a companys culture is not always easily apparent to newcomers and this is what keeps Wal-marts culture strong (Berg, 2001). The first primary characteristic, which Wal-mart embodies, is innovation and risk taking. Wal-M art has many policies in place to ensure that employee ideas and concerns can be openly expressed to management. Sam felt it was important that associates feel like they can go to management at any time toShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Culture And Climate1020 Words   |  5 Pagesown words, define organizational â€Å"culture† versus â€Å"climate†. To me, organizational culture is a company’s framework preserved by the employees that outlines what they deem important, what they stand for, and an image that they want to project. Oftentimes, a company’s culture is verbalized by their rules, regulations, mission statement and their company values. The culture is decided by the company and influences how an employee behaves in the organization. Conversely, organizational climate is deemedRead MoreQualities And Qualities Associated With Effective Leadership And Its Significance1619 Words   |  7 Pagesabilities, and skills and focuses the follower(s) to the organization’s mission and objectives causing the follower(s) to willingly and enthusiastically expend spiritual, emotional, and physical energy in a concerted coordinated effort to achieve the organizational mission and objectives.† Leadership does not automatically occur when you reach a certain pay grade. Obtaining a higher pay grade does not neces sarily mean you are great leader. â€Å"Leadership has nothing to do with titles. Similar to the pointRead MoreOrganizational Analysis. Walmart. Walmart Is A Multinational836 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Analysis Walmart Walmart is a multinational retail corporation that operates as a chain of hypermarkets, discounted department stores, and grocery stores. Founded by Sam Walton in 1962, the company is headquartered in Bentonville, Arkansas. â€Å"Within 14 years of opening its first supercenter (stores selling both general merchandise and a full line of groceries) in 1988, Walmart became the largest grocery retailer in the United States and the first truly national grocery chain† (MatsaRead MoreWalmart The Master Strategizes : Walmart1744 Words   |  7 Pagesof more than 2.2million associates worldwide (Walmart, 2016), Walmart has squashed its competitors and created a category all its own. These successes can be contributed to Walmart’s’ exemplary external and internal business environment and their ability to construct a masterful business and corporate level strategy. Walmart’s external environment includes the areas of General, Industry and Competitor environment (Loganathan, 2013). An industries’ environment are those things that directly affectsRead MoreAnalysis Of Walmart And Tushman s Model2559 Words   |  11 PagesModel Understanding individual behavior is challenging. This makes analyzing organizational behavior complicated because large organizations have many people working individually and collectively to achieve organizational goals. Organizations are naturally complex to analyze because they comprise of different individuals and groups. Models provide the best solution to analyzing organizations. They are roadmaps to organizational behavior with regard to identifying critical factors and their relationshipsRead MoreRunning Head : The Walmart Way1694 Words   |  7 Pageshave a culture, strategy, and structure that ensures their success. No single element can offer a means to build an organization as each is intricately woven into the fabric of the company. Of the vast number of retailers, Walmart is at the top of the game; they are internationally known and have been a top retailer for many years. This paper will explore the various methods employed by this mega retailer to propel and maintain them as one of the highest grossing retailers. Key words: Culture, strategyRead MoreSupply Chain Management Is A Process Which Requires Precise1366 Words   |  6 Pagesis necessary for Walmart’s maintenance, however the strategy involved is equally imperative. The strategic model and identity of Walmart is to drive out costs, enabling consumers to save money. Walmart’s model works as they are not only an industry leader but also a profound world leader in inventory turnover and operating profit for any discount retailer. James Crowell, director of the Supply Chain Management Research Center at the Walton College of Business praised Walmart’s SCM efficiency proclaimingRead MoreWal Mart Stores, Inc.812 Words   |  4 Pages Wal-Mart is the largest employer in the U.S. with more than one million employees. Sam Walton passed away in 1992 but, his legacy lives on and his stores remain the leader in the retail industry. At the heart of Wal-Mart s growth is the unique culture that Mr. Sam built. His business philosophy was based on the simple idea of making the customer number one. He believed that by serving the customer s needs first, his business would also serve its associates, shareholders, communities and otherRead MoreWalmart s History And Management2059 Words   |  9 PagesWalmart’s History and Management Walmart is an American multinational retail corporation that operates a chain of hypermarkets, discount department stores and grocery stores. Wal-Mart controls over 11,500 stores in 28 countries around the world. It was founded in 1962 by Sam Walton. Walmart’s CEO is Doug McMillon and the Chairperson of Board of Directors is Greg Penner. Walmart as we know it today evolved from Sam Walton’s goals for great value and great customer service. He believed in leadershipRead MoreWalmart Mnc Report3270 Words   |  14 PagesWords: 2,770 Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 Company Background†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 HR Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Organizational Structure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Supply Chain Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..6 Mode of Entry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Product Adaptation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8

Law for IP Framework and Legal Requirements -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLaw for IP Framework and Legal Requirements. Answer: Introduction: Intellectual Property is defined as creation of man and for this creation government recognized exclusive rights. Three mechanisms are stated in Singapore through which intellectual properties are registered and that are a patent, a copyright or a trademark. This essay states the framework related to intellectual property right in Singapore, and discuss types of interest protected by the IP framework, legal requirements related to IP rights, and behavior or action of person which are considered as infringement of that right. All these issues are discussed in context of case study, and lastly concluded with brief conclusion. Discussion: In the present case, John is working as independent film producer, and he decided to create a film on the basis of this TV series and named it as Battlestar Galactica: Attack of the Cylons. This film includes characters, settings, music, spaceships, etc. which is similar to the original TV series, but the story of this film is written by the friend of original writer of that TV series. This movie also includes similar special effects, and the processes related to these effects have been patented by a company Light Magic Inc. Following are some issues which must be considered by John: Appropriate forms of IP: Copyright: Generally, copyright is the form which protects the expression, skill, judgment of the person. It must be noted that copyright is considered as negative right which prevents copying. Case law Chua Puay Kiang v Singapore Telecommunications Limited [1999] 1 SLR(R) states that if two persons independently create identical work then there is no infringement of copyright. Protection under copyrights is given to work of literary nature such as manuscript of any book, work related to music, artistic work which includes painting, cinematograph films such as movie, etc. Therefore, characters, settings, music, spaceships, etc. of the Battlestar Galactica falls under the protection of copyright. Following are some legal requirements related to copyright: Section 83 and 87 of the Act states that, it is necessary to show that work or subject matter is connected with Singapore or Berne Union/WTO country. It is necessary that work or subject matter must be reduced to a material form. This can be understood through Section 16 and 7. Section 27 of the Act states that work must be of original nature. Definition of the term original is not stated in the copyright Act, but there are some important concepts stated in case law Asia Pacific Publishing Pte Ltd v Pioneers Leaders (Publishers) Pte Ltd [2011] SGCA 37 related to creation of the work: Originality of work or subject matter is not considered in the context of novelty, but it is considered through originality of idea and thoughts. When sufficient labor, skill, and capital was expanded by Author to create some product which is different from its raw material (Copyright Act, n.d.). It must be noted that if above stated requirements are compiled then copyright automatically arises, and there is no requirement of registration. Ownership of Copyright: The general rule related to the copyright is that person who creates the original work is considered as owner of the copyright. Therefore, in this case owner of the work is the original creator of the Battlestar Galactica TV series. Patent: In Singapore, innovative designs and processed are protected through Patent Act, and the criteria determined by government for the purpose of determining patent is that process must be new, innovative and useful for the industry. Therefore, special effects and its processes were protected under patent Act. Following are some legal requirements of patent: Invention- It is necessary that there must be an invention, New Invention- such invention must be new, which means invention must not be related to any existing knowledge in specific technical field. Inventive step- it is necessary that invention includes some inventive step. In case Ng Kok Cheng v Chua Say Tiong [2001] 2 SLR(R) 326, Court stated that invention must not be of obvious nature for unimaginative person. Industrial application- invention of the person must be capable for industrial application, which means invention must be made or used in any kind of industry. In case it is found that product or process infringe the existing patent, and then court has power to issue injunction and damages. Therefore, in case John use special effects and process for film then it can be considered as infringement (Lee, 2014). Measures taken by John: In the present case, john wants to reproduce the work and for this purpose John can consider following measures: Copyright: Copyright Act permit some acts which do not considered as infringement of copyright act and it also provide permission related to reproduction of copyrighted work. It must be noted that if any person reproduce the work without the permission of the owner then it can be considered as primary infringement. This can be understood through case law Asia Pacific Publishing Pte Ltd v Pioneer Leaders (Publishers). Owner of the copyright has power to file claim for primary infringement, and consequences for primary infringement are: Fine- up to $20,000. Imprisonment- up to six months. Copyright is considered as property right and it can be transferred through licensed, assigned, and some other way. Therefore, John can approach to the original creator of TV series for transferring the license of copyright to john for the purpose of reproducing the work (Copyright Act, n.d.). Patents: Section 66 of the patent Act states that, if patent is successfully registered then owner of the patent has right to file claim of infringement against the third person who infringe the patent. Consequences of infringement are (Patent Act, n.d.): Injunction Damages This can be understood through case law Genelabs Diagnostics Pte Ltd v Institut Pasteur anor. Patent is considered as personal property and owner can transfer, licensed, and assigned the patent. Therefore, john can approach the company for transfer the special effects and its process. Appropriate legal structures: There are two legal structures through which John can offer rights to the investors: License: License is considered as permission or consent which is granted by an owner of IP for the purpose of carrying out the rights which is exclusively enjoyed by the owner. Generally, for the purpose of transferring the license, both licensor and licensee can enter into agreement, and this agreement set out the terms on the basis of which license is transferred. It is not necessary to grant the license for all the rights related to the relevant IP right. This can be understood through example; it is possible to limit the rights of transferee in number of ways by adopting the combination of any feature stated bellow: Scope- this feature considered the exclusive rights of the IP owner. Territory- this feature considered the countries in which IP right will be granted. Duration- this feature considered the time period for which IP right will granted It must be noted that there are two types of license that are exclusive or non-exclusive. Exclusive licenses are those licenses which exclude the owners rights also for the purpose of enjoying the right related to those activities which have been licensed (SAL, 2017). Transfer of ownership: Under this type of structure ownership of the IP right is transferred to the new owner in exchange of particular amount. In the present case, John can offer rights to the investors in movie by licensing because in this form it is possible to transfer limited rights. Conclusion: This essay states the various provisions related to Intellectual property rights. In this terms in context of copyright and patent are stated, and various features of these terms such as legal requirements, infringement, consequences, legal structures, etc. References: Asia Pacific Publishing Pte Ltd v Pioneer Leaders (Publishers) [2011] 4 SLR 381. Chua Puay Kiang v Singapore Telecommunications Limited [1999] 1 SLR(R). Copyright Act, Cap 63- Section 16. Copyright Act, Cap 63- Section 27. Copyright Act, Cap 63- Section 7. Copyright Act, Cap 63- Section 83. Copyright Act, Cap 63- Section 87. Genelabs Diagnostics Pte Ltd v Institut Pasteur anor. [2000] 3 SLR(R) 530. Lee, J. (2014). The Development of Singapores Intellectual Property Rights Regime. Available at:https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/LKWMS_Series01_SG_IP.pdf. Accessed on 21st August 2017. Ng Kok Cheng v Chua Say Tiong [2001] 2 SLR(R) 326. Patents Act, Cap 221- Section 66. SAL, (2017). Intellectual Property Law. Available at: https://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/commercial-law/chapter-12. Accessed on 21st August 2017.

The Islamic Societies History

Table of Contents Introduction Religion Politics Military affairs Territorial expansion of Islam Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Islam plays a significant role in lives of many believers. It has been the unifying factor for many Muslims due to belief in one God and Muhammad as His Prophet. This essay explores the views of Muslims on the role of religion, politics, and military affairs, and how did this play out in the territorial expansion of Islam.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Islamic Societies History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Religion Prophet Muhammad founded Islam in the seventh century AD. The religion spread through trade routes of the time. He claimed that he was getting messages from God. Muhammad claimed to be a prophet just like Moses and Jesus. However, Muhammad fled to Mecca and established a state of Medina where he found Pagan Arabs. Muhammad engaged in assault of traders by at tacking merchant caravans from his base in Medina. Pagan Arabs reacted by using armed soldiers on their trade routes. However, in the Battle of Badr, Muslims defeated Pagan Arabs, and this marked the spread of Islam. He expanded his territory in the following decades in which he fought both Pagan Arabs and other Arab tribes. Muhammad guaranteed his soldiers everlasting life if they defended their faith. Muhammad became powerful and expelled the two tribes Medina due poor relationships. He massacred the third tribe of Banu Qurayza in Medina. He proceeded to take control of Mecca and establish control over other Pagan Arabs. He forcefully converted these Pagan Arabs to Islam. The role of Islam depends on the five Pillars of Quran. Muhammad and Quran traditions have the fundamental rules directing Muslims. Islam controls believers’ right actions and rules. The religion has five pillars. The foremost pillar is the witness or shuhuduh, which highlights the existence of only one Go d and Muhammad is God’s prophet. Therefore, any believer who does not recognize God, or has more than one God and rejects Muhammad as the prophet is an apostate. This is punishable by killing. The second pillar is the worship or salat or ritual prayer, which believers must conduct while facing the Kabah in Mecca and recite Quran. Salat is a way of cleansing and worshipping God. The third pillar is fasting or saturn, which Muslims perform during the month of Ramadan. The fourth pillar is giving or zakat of tithe or alms. Zakat serves the purpose of helping the needy. It encourages Muslims to share whatever they have with the poor in society. The fifth pillar is pilgrimage or Hajj to Mecca. Muslims should visit Mecca at least once in a lifetime.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from the five pillars, there are also other aspects of teaching that guide Muslims. Jihad in reference to war has been one of the most controversial pillars of Islam. According to Muslims, jihad wars are for God. However, others consider jihad as fundamentalism and a reaction to non-Muslims and other religions (Armstrong 169). Muslims consider fighting against people who do not believe in God as right. Believers also fight people who have rejected the teachings of Prophet Muhammad until they can recognize both God and messages from Muhammad. Scholars have noted that Muslims attribute various meanings to jihad based on various contexts (Habeck 108). Some consider jihad as a fight against Jews, Christians, or Arab pagans. Other Muslims view jihad as a means of protecting Islam against external aggressors. Politics Most states find it difficult to balance religious and secular aspects of rules. However, religion and politics have fundamental roles in states. A study in teachings of Muhammad reveals that Muhammad and his successors and followers introduced politics into Isl am. When Muhammad went to Medina in 622 CE, he used Islam to conquer and establish political territories. The warring tribes of Khazraj and Aus gave Muhammad an opportunity to rule as a neutral outsider. He wrote the Medina Charter, which gave him the power to rule, and it referred to him as the prophet of God. Muhammad established the Medina Charter based on Quran and his actions. These are the Islamic laws or Sharia. They have been the cornerstone of Islamic movements and territorial expansions to present day. Muhammad used these Islamic laws to spread his power by capturing Mecca and other Pagan Arabs. He used the army and followers to fight Arab Pagans and Jewish. In some cases, Muhammad used diplomacy to conquer regions. In the contemporary society, we have several Islamic democratic societies and parties. At the same time, we also have Islamic fundamentalists in various countries across the globe. Islamic fundamentalism is a term many non-Muslims used to refer to radical appro aches most Muslims use to support or defend their religion. Such political and religious ideas have also found formidable support from terror groups and militant Islamic movements. States are political vehicles for the actors or political leaders. However, secularism defines a religious state from other states. In other words, secular states welcome ideologies from religious bodies for creating fundamental laws that govern a country. We can understand the role of Islam and politics from this point.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Islamic Societies History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We can consider â€Å"human rights, aspects of civic responsibilities, constitutionalism, and citizenship† (An-Na’im 4) in order to understand the relationship between Islam and politics. It is important to note that Islam and politics have their origin in history. Sharia laws allow people to have debates and r each consensus. This is why Islam accepts some views, which Muslims formerly regarded as dissent. Islamic teaching of reciprocity or mu’awada also encourages debates, which should accommodate differences and guarantee individuals’ rights. This is the Golden Rule of the religion. However, in the mainstream Islamic law fails to separate issues of states and the religion. It is Islamic laws that have applied in most cases. Studies have shown that contact with the West brought some secular ideas into Islamic, but reactions were different among various states. For instance, some Islamic nations like Turkey and others have operated as secular countries. On the other hand, the Iran Revolution of 1979 replaced secularism with Islamic laws. Secularism has been a major uniting factor among different communities of Islam nations. This is because it favors minimal moral obligations on believers (An-Na’im 23). Muhammad used Islamic laws as a constitution to run Mecca and con quer new states. Today, constitution aims at protecting Muslims by ensuring that rulers follow and engage in acceptable practices. Muslims have a right to create their own constitution to serve their needs. However, the only challenge is that a constitution should serve majorities who do not have control over a nation. Politically, Muslim culture should advocate for human rights and today, most Muslim nations have started to adhere to human rights practices across the world. This aims at protecting individuals from harsh laws, which Islamic fundamentalists impose on the perceived offenders. It is also necessary for Muslims to accept both teachings from international conventions and teachings from Quran. This approach does not undermine both conventions. As Muslims advocate for citizenship, they must rely on the principle of the Golden Rule. This gives all citizens equal opportunities. Therefore, political leaders must act with responsibility and honesty toward citizens.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In modern states of Islam, secular nations should be neutral with regard to political affairs. However, the state must understand the role of Islamic religion in shaping public affairs. In this context, civic reasons should work alongside religion principles in order to shape public policies. This is because religion alone cannot serve diverse interests of people. According to early historians in the Islamic religion, civic reason is a part of Islamic principles, which evolved with Islam (Feldman 9). Civic reason tends to show the line between the state and religion. This aims at protecting Muslims so that they can express their different views without attacks. In this regard, the state should not control the functions of civic reason. Instead, the state should support fundamental principles to guide civic reason for inclusive purposes. Islamic scholars have supported the place of Islamic religion in politics. They also noted that Western civilization slowed the spread of Islamic id eologies (Feldman 79). Therefore, effects of Western colonialism in Islamic states have shaped political ideologies in such states. For instance, in current Islamic states, Mostapha Benhenda notes that democracy within â€Å"Islam often means democracy within Islamic limits† (Benhenda 1). This implies that Muslims have shaped their current governments to reflect Islamic ideologies. However, different states have different approaches of defining their Islamic ideologies based on the prevailing circumstances. Most democratic Islamic groups, such as Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat-e-Islami have noted that democracy can help them achieve their goals through cooperation with other like-minded political movements. On the other hand, fundamentalists like al-Shabbab, al-Qaeda, and Taliban have embraced radical and militant Islamic principles to punish perceived offenders of the religion. Military affairs Prophet Muhammad encouraged his followers to fight jihad. This meant that the figh t was in the way of God. Therefore, Muslims had to use their power, exert efforts, and endeavor in order to overcome forms of social disapproval. However, the application of jihad differs based on the perceived sin, enemy, or one’s sinful ways. Based on these various usages of jihad, scholars concur that when the term jihad lacks a qualifier, then it takes its military usage. Others have viewed jihad in terms of a struggle to achieve religious and moral obligations (Esposito 56). Still, there are Muslims who prescribe to the ultimate jihad, which only focuses on spiritual well-being of believers. On the other hand, we also have a jihad that drives warfare ideologies. Most Islamic states consider jihad as a military exertion against enemies, non-believers, and non-Muslims. This is mainly in cases where Muslims need to expand their territory or Ummah or in the defense. Scholars have debated the ultimate aim of jihad. Others consider it as a way of protecting Islamic religion or territory with no offensive motives. Conversely, others view jihad as a way of conquering the entire world. According to many scholars, â€Å"jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and may be declared against terrorists, criminal groups, rebels, apostates, and leaders or states who oppress Muslims or hamper proselytizing efforts† (Habeck 108). As a result, many Muslims believe that jihad is the only form of war that is suitable for defense. It also applies in cases where a society must operate under Sharia or Islamic laws. Among Muslims, jihad is not an individual’s responsibility, but rather a collective one. It is only among people with important positions who must consider jihad as an individual’s duty. Therefore, people who have great duties to declare jihad must mobilize the rest of the population in order to participate in jihad. It is the responsibility of spiritual leader to declare offensive jihad on others. However, offensive jih ad is rare. Some scholars also note that jihad has its limits. For instance, Muhammad did not allow killing of women and children during jihad. Besides, the Quran does not make jihad a compulsory affair. Muslim armies stayed away from cities in order to avoid corruption of cities. The second Caliph, Umar did not want desert soldiers to adopt corruption in cities. Umar did not want soldiers to learn behaviors of Roman and Persian elites. As a result, soldiers had to stay in isolated camps away from cities. Caliph argued that the attraction of wealth and luxury would corrupt the soldiers. This was also a method of keeping soldiers away from the general population in order to avoid struggle for control with other authorities. Territorial expansion of Islam Initially, Islam was mainly in cities and among some nomads. The armies of Muhammad established garrisons, which grew into cities. These conquerors spread the religion forcefully and by diplomatic means. The religion attracted other nomads as it gained economic power too. Later, Muhammad allowed imperial expansion of Islam (Karsh 19). Muhammad died in 632 AD. Caliphs took over the leadership of Islam. Caliphs were close to Muhammad. Rashidun Caliphs adopted the Muhammad’s method of acquiring new territories. Abu Bakr became a Caliph after the death of Muhammad. His major assignment was to eliminate rebellion of Arab tribes, which renounced the religion after the death Muhammad. This was the beginning of the War of Apostasy, which aimed at suppressing rebels. After the end of the War of Apostasy, Caliph started to attack powerful empires of the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Empire. These two empires did not provide much resistance to Muslims because they were weak from war between themselves. The second wave of Islamic territorial expansion used both persuasion and military force. Military expansion became the preferred method of expanding the territory of the religion. According to scholars in Islamic hi story, the Arab or Turkish conquerors applied force in â€Å"North Africa, Anatolia, the Balkans, and India† (Lapidus 198). In other areas, such as West Africa and Indian Ocean regions, they used peace to spread the religion. In other cases, rulers or urban dwellers decided to adopt the religion. It is necessary to note that most coverts of Islam also resorted to forceful methods in order to expand their territories (Spencer 150). Conclusion Muslims expanded their territories through persuasion and wars. However, Muslims relationships depicted of invasions, conquests, and destruction. Muslims’ powerful leaders also rose and fell as some of them committed atrocities against non-Muslims and people who resisted the religion. Islamic religion managed to maintain its stability and spread in most areas of the despite these cases constant wars. Roles of Islam are important for followers. However, the forceful and radical approaches make Islam feared and controversial. Works C ited An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed. The Future of Shari`a: Secularism from an Islamic Perspective. Atlanta, GA: Emory School of Law, 2007. Print. Armstrong, Karen. Islam: A Short History. New York: Modern Library Publishers, 2002. Print. Benhenda, Mostapha. â€Å"Liberal Democracy and Political Islam: The Search for Common Ground.† Politics, Philosophy Economics 10.1 (2009): 1-44. Print. Esposito, John. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Print. Feldman, Noah. Fall and Rise of the Islamic State. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2008. Print. Habeck, Mary. Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. Print. Karsh, Efraim. Islamic Imperialism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Print. Lapidus, Ira. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print. Spencer, Robert. Onward Muslim Soldiers. Washington, D.C: Regnery, 2003. Print. This essay on The Islamic Societies History was written and submitted by user Pablo Cash to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.